Test Metrics for Recurrent Neural Networks
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Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been applied to a broad range of application areas such as natural language processing, drug discovery, and video recognition. This paper develops a coverage-guided test framework, including three test metrics and a mutation-based test case generation method, for the validation of a major class of RNNs, i.e., long short-term memory networks (LSTMs). The test metrics are designed with respect to the internal structures of the LSTM layers to quantify the information of the forget gate, the one-step information change of an aggregate hidden state, and the multi-step information evolution of positive and negative aggregate hidden state, respectively. We apply the test framework to several typical LSTM applications, including a network trained on IMDB movie reviews for sentiment analysis, a network trained on MNIST dataset for image classification, and a network trained on a lipophilicity dataset for scientific machine learning. Our experimental results show that the coverage-guided testing can be used to not only extensively exploit the behaviour of the LSTM layer in order to discover the safety loopholes (such as adversarial examples) but also help understand the internal mechanism of how the LSTM layer processes data.
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