Evaluation of a Split Flow Model for the Emergency Department
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Split flow models, in which a physician rather than a nurse performs triage, are increasingly being used in hospital emergency departments (EDs) to improve patient flow. Before deciding whether such interventions should be adopted, it is important to understand how split flows causally impact patient flow and outcomes. We employ causal inference methodology to estimate average causal effects of a split flow model on time to be roomed, time to disposition after being roomed, admission decisions, and ED revisits at a large tertiary teaching hospital that uses a split flow model during certain hours each day. We propose a regression discontinuity (RD) design to identify average causal effects, which we formalize with causal diagrams. Using electronic health records data (n = 21,570), we estimate that split flow increases average time to be roomed by about 4.6 minutes (95 disposition by 14.4 minutes (95 reduction in length of stay. Split flow is also found to decrease admission rates by 5.9 change in revisit rates. Lastly, we find that the split flow model is especially effective at reducing length of stay during low congestion levels, which mediation analysis partly attributes to early task initiation by the physician assigned to triage.
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